In a communication to nature, written when visiting the citrus experimental station, university of california, i directed attention to the mycorrhizal habit in species of citrus used as stocks for. Citrus are shrubs to mediumsize trees up to about 6 m 20 ft in height, although some species can reach 15 m. The genus citrus and related genera fortunella, poncirus, eremocitrus and microcitrus belong to the angiosperm subfamily aurantioideae of the rutaceae family, which is widely distributed across the monsoon region from west pakistan to northcentral china. Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, rutaceae. Tanakas treatment of the genera fortunella and poncirus corresponds approximately to that of swingle but he treats the genus. Because of the enormous worldwide economic importance of the genus, citrus is treated more fully, particularly with regard to synonymy, than is the norm in this flora. Citrus the taxonomy of the citrus fruits is complicated by hybridity and apomixis, with many stable hybrid lines being accorded species status, so that the number of edible species recognised in the genus citrus l. The tangy fruits in this family generally have juicy segments that are surrounded by a zesty rind. Pdf genomics of the origin and evolution of citrus. Cultivated citrus are derived from various citrus species found in the wild. A complete list of citrus fruits with awesome facts and.
Morphological, chemical and genetic characterization of citrus. The fruits english name citron derives ultimately from latin, citrus, which is also the origin of the genus name. Types of citrus fruits with their picture and classification. Alternate evergreen leaves,10m tall after blooming, fruit development takes between 5 and 18 months fruit is a berry. Moreover, despite full sexual compatibility between the citrus species sensu swingle, the phenotypic and molecular differentiation between the ancestral taxa c. The modern genus citrus is now understood to include once more fortunella swin gle kumquats and poncirus raf. Beginning with an overview of the fundamental principles and understanding of citrus biology and behavior, the book provides a comprehensive view, from evolution, to current market importance.
Some of the fundamentals of the book are botanical classification, classification of genus citrus, criteria for citrus classification, information on important citrus fruits, subgenus fucitrus edible citrus fruits, citrus. Authors also discuss the therapeutic properties of these oils in traditional medicine and modern pharmaceuticals. Citrus fruits, flowers and leaves are store house of secondary metabolites like essential oils, flavonoids, limonoids, carotenoids, coumarins, glucarates, anthocyanins and. The genus citrus belongs to the subtribe citrinae, tribe citreae, subfamily aurantioideae of the rutaceae. Here we describe ten natural citrus species, using genomic, phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses of 60 accessions representing diverse citrus germ plasms, and propose that citrus diversified during the late miocene epoch through a rapid southeast asian radiation. It is concluded that all true citrus plus the genus oxanthera should be joined within the genus citrus. It is the major limiting factor for citrus production in parts of asia and africa. Classification of genus citrus is a very complicated and problematic one. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and limes. Nutritional value and pharmacological importance of citrus species 77 citrus limonum citrus aurantium subsp. Indeed, into the 16th century, the english name citron included the lemon and.
Jersey lily, ananas comosus pineapple, annona squamosa. The papeda group includes some of the most tropical, and also some of the most frosttolerant citrus plants. Dugo and others published citrus the genus citrus find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Grapefruit is preferred over other citrus varieties griffiths and thompson 1957. The citrus fruits vary greatly in size, shape and color between species, with many natural and agricultural hybrids occurring, some becoming very important like the lemon.
We do not intend the plant list to be complete for names of infraspecific rank. Most of the cultivated citrus species are part of the citrus genus containing, accord ing to the taxonomists, between 16 swingle and reece 1967 and 156 species t anaka 1961. It is the major limiting factor for citrus production in parts of asia. Neuropharmacological potential of the genus citrus. With a long history of cultivation and hybridizations, the application of taxonomy is complex in the evolution of the genus mabberley 2004. A source of confusion is that citron in french and english are false friends, as the french word refers to the lemon, meanwhile the english word is translated cedrat. The genus citrus pdf by manuel talon, marco caruso and fred g. Sweet orange and its familiar relatives are members of the subgenus citrus. Here we describe ten natural citrus species, using genomic, phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses of 60. Tanaka 1977 accepted the genus citrus in a broad term and included a total of 159 species and 14 variant species under two subgenus citrus.
The plant list includes a further 176 scientific plant names of infraspecific rank for the genus citrus. The genus citrus, comprising some of the most widely cultivated fruit crops worldwide, includes an uncertain number of species. Economically important plants in this group include the lemon c. The distinctive glossy green foliage and attractive fragrances of leaves, fruit and flowers add to the charm and make citrus highly sought after and widely grown by both commercial producers and enthusiasts. Beginning with an overview of the fundamental principles and understanding of citrus biology and behavior, the book provides a comprehensive view from citrus evolution to current market importance. This genus may be further divided into two subgenera citrus and papeda based on leaf, flower and fruit properties. The genus citrus is native to south asia, east asia, southeast asia, melanesia, and australia. With a long history of cultivation and hybridizations, the application of taxonomy is complex in the evolution of the genus. Oct 15, 2019 the genus citrus presents the enormous amount of new knowledge that has been generated in recent years on practically all topics relating to citrus. In early times, countries in the mediterranean region were leading producers of these fruits. Genomics of the origin and evolution of citrus nature. Provided by ars systematic botany and mycology laboratory. Genus vi citros includes common commercial citrus types thus, the scientist may use the tenn citrus in a broad sense to mean the commercial types of the genus citrus, the inedible types of citrus and certain citrus relatives. The citrus experiment station undertook a revision of the citrus industry, originally published 19431948, in the early 1960s.
The genus citrus offers comprehensive coverage on all aspects of the botany, cultivation, processing industry, chemistry and uses of citrus and its oils. Pure species, admixtures and hybrids in the genus citrus. Citrus genus plants, that is, orange, lemon, mandarin, chinotto citrus myrtifolia, and citron, the presence and the distribution in the various tissue parts of both nmethylated and 5hydroxynmethylated derivatives of tryptamine. Dec 30, 2019 citrus is the botanical name for the genus of all fruits classified as citrus fruits. The plant list includes 318 scientific plant names of species rank for the genus citrus. Click on a scientific name below to expand it in the plants classification report. Contents contributors xiii 1 the citrus genome frederick g. Handbook on citrus fruits cultivation and oil extraction. Feb 07, 2018 the genus citrus and related genera fortunella, poncirus, eremocitrus and microcitrus belong to the angiosperm subfamily aurantioideae of the rutaceae family, which is widely distributed across. The genus citrus 1st edition giovanni dugo angelo di g. The chemical structures of the compounds discussed herein are shown in table 1. Citrus, genus of plants belonging to the rue family rutaceae, and yielding pulpy fruits covered with fairly thick skins. The genus citrus belonging to the family of rutaceae comprises of about 40 species, which are distributed over a spectrum of countries namely, india, china, malaysia, srilanka, and australia.
The ordinary layman defines citrus as the sweet oranges, tangerines, grapefruit, lemons and lime fruit, commonly found on the grocery shelf under the citrus label. These are primarily included because names of species rank are synonyms. Reporting on new insights supported by the elucidation. These fruits are either eaten by simply peeling off the skin, or are squeezed to make juice. Citrus genus plants contain n methylated tryptamine. Nutritional value and pharmacological importance of citrus species 79 france as antispasmodic and sedative. The citrus genus varies widely in respect to the variety of species and fruit types within it making this group of plants quite exceptional. The genus citrus pdf by manuel talon, marco caruso and. A decoction of the dried leaves and flowers was given in italy as an. Family rutaceae rue family subfamily aurantoideae subgenera.
Citrus fruits are edible fruits that belong to the genus citrus, and family rutaceae. Some are only selections of the original wild types, while others are hybrids between two or more. The following treatment is the firs t floristic one to take account of current advances in the understanding of the genus. Various citrus species have been utilized and domesticated by indigenous cultures in these areas. Citrus are shrubs to mediumsize trees up to about 6 m 20 ft in height, although. Possibly native to northeast india, myanmar and the yunnan area of china, citrus trees have been introduced into cultivation around the world, primarily in subtropical and tropical regions as most citrus species are are generally not frost hardy. Citrus genus is characterized by a specific presence of indole metabolites deriving from the nmethylation of tryptamine and its hydroxylated form, 5hydroxytryptamine serotonin, which are likely involved in plant defense mechanisms. Within this taxon there is no sterility barrier, although there are various impediments to sexual. The citrus experiment station, established in 1907, is the worldeminent citrus research center, and its publications were consulted by citrus growers and scientists everywhere. Citrus mealybugs are primarily pests of citrus, but have been collected from at least 27 host plant families including indoor ornamentals, vegetables, and fruits. The causal agent of this disease is nonculturable, phloem limited bacterium which was characterized for the first time in 1994 on the basis of rdna sequence of its genome and was suggested that it belonged to a genus of. Citrus taxonomy refers to the botanical classification of the species, varieties, cultivars, and graft hybrids within the genus citrus and related genera, found in cultivation and in the wild citrus taxonomy is complex. The genus citrus edited by manuel talon, marco caruso and fred g.
The genus citrus presents the enormous amount of new knowledge that has been generated in recent years on nearly all topics related to citrus. Oct 31, 2016 the classification one accepts is one of personal choice, based on utility, common usage and natural relationships. This work provides a new evolutionary framework for the genus citrus. The genus citropsis resembles citrus in the general structure and appearance of the flowers and fruit, as well as in the texture, venation, and general type of the leaves. Fruits of citrus genus play an important role as a dietary supplement and therapeutic assent as well since ages. Dna barcoding technique to identify which of the species of the genus citrus are more similar to pompia. The report will display the kingdom and all descendants leading down to the name you choose. All types of citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruits belong to the family rutaceae. Citrus greening disease or huanglongbing yellow dragon disease may be the most serious citrus disease in the world.
In areas where the disease is endemic, citrus trees may live for 58 years and never produce usable fruit roistacher 1996. The genus citrus explores the current and future applications of citrus oils, which include flavorings for alcohol, soft drinks, food, as well as fragrances for cosmetics and beauty products. Rutaceae, comprising of evergreen aromatic shrubs and small trees, is cultivated throughout the tropical and temperate regions of the world. It differs from citrus in having 4 or rarely 5 merous ovaries, with only a single ovule in each cell. Nutritional value and pharmacological importance of citrus. Papedas are a group of less palatable, slowgrowing, hardy citrus native to asia, formerly placed in the subgenus papeda of the genus citrus. Citrus ebook grow healthy citrus fruit acs bookshop. The name citrus is given to a large group of trees, in which most species produce a fruit that is grown agriculturally for commercial or personal use, for food and drink production.
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